International Water Associateion

 Journal

 Decision Support For The Planning Of Integrated Wastewater Reuse Projects In South Africa

 Adewumi, J. R., Ilemobade, A. A. And Van Zyl, J. E.

 2010

Wastewater reuse is an attractive option for supplementing available water supplies. Benefits of reuse include pollution abatement due to the reduction of effluent discharge to surface water bodies, the decrease in the use of freshwaters from sensitive ecosystems, replenishment of soil nutrients in agriculture, enhancement of groundwater recharge and delay in the future expansion of water supply infrastructure. This paper presents ongoing research in developing and testing of a decision support system (DSS) for assessing the feasibility of implementing wastewater reuse projects in South Africa. The DSS employs multi-criteria qualitative assessment across technical, environmental, social, institution and water resources. The database of the DSS contains 33 wastewater treatment unit processes with known information on performance, costs and qualitative criteria obtained from literature. The knowledge base on the other hand, consists of a set of rules for combining the treatment units to form treatment trains and contains information on maximum allowable values for different water quality parameters for five end users. The weighted average method was used to aggregate scores obtained from the assessment of the different criteria to generate an indicative value that could form the basis for decision making. Testing of the DSS was applied to the Parow wastewater treatment plant in Cape Town. Results of the analysis shows that only the water resources evaluation score (1.0) is considered excellent for reuse implementation while the institutional evaluation score is weak (0.35) in guaranteeing success. Social evaluation and treatment train technical/environmental have qualitative evaluation scores of 0.76. The desirable score for all the criteria is 1.0 in order to facilitate the successful implementation of any reuse project. The quality of treated effluent from the proposed treatment trains meets the quality requirement in most of the pollutant determined except total phosphorus (2.88). The value is acceptable if the use of the effluent is limited to irrigation. If decision makers give adequate attention to the criteria highlighted in this model, success of a reuse project in South Africa can be better enhanced 

 Elsevier

 Journal

 Treated Wastewater Effluent Reuse In South Africa: Overview, Potential And Challenges

 Adewumi, J. R., Ilemobade, A. A. And Van Zyl, J. E.

 2010

Many communities in South Africa struggle to access reliable and adequate quantities of potable water for diverse water requirements. This is against the backdrop of decreasing freshwater availability and increasing water demands. Currently, interest in the reuse of wastewater for non-drinking water requirements is increasing. This paper therefore provides an overview of the South African water resources situation and wastewater1 generation in order to put the need for wastewater reuse into perspective. Potential for broader implementation and parameters influencing wastewater reuse based on local attitudes and experience were discussed with recommendations to facilitate broader implementation of wastewater reuse. This paper concludes that significant potential exists for implementing wastewater reuse for large non-drinking applications (e.g. landscape irrigation and industrial processes) in arid areas of South Africa especially Western Cape Province. Parameters highlighted from local attitudes and experience to influence broader implementation in addition to aridity include distance from source, retrofitting versus new installations, quantity of reuse, tariffs, source quality, public health, willingness, public trust and knowledge, and regulations and guidelines for reuse. Prior to implementation, it is recommended that these parameters be addressed. 

 University Of PortHarcourt

 Journal

 Pollution Effects Of Indiscriminate Disposal Of Wastewater On Soil In Semi Urban Area

 Adewumi, J. R. And Ajibade, F. O.

 2010

The disposal of wastewater is a problem of great concern throughout the world specifically in developing countries. This study investigates the impact of indiscriminate wastewater disposal on soil in Akindeko and Abiola halls of residence at the Federal University of Technology, Akure Nigeria. Soil samples were taken from the wastewater disposal site at the surface and varying depths of 10 cm and 20 cm while the control samples were taken 10 m away from the polluted soil surface. Physico-chemical and bacteriological properties determined include; colour, odour, soil weight, particle weight, bulk density, porosity, pH, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, bacteria, fungi and coliforms. The results showed that all the physico-chemical and bacteriological properties of the soils have relatively high concentration indicating pollution compared to the control samples. The pH ranged from 8.7 to 7.2 while Ca and K have a range of 1277 ppm to 773 ppm and 1273 ppm to 754 ppm respectively. The highest concentration of Zn and Mn are19.30 ppm and 11.70 ppm respectively. It is recommended that a sustainable wastewater treatment plant should be provided to treat all wastewater generated from all hall of residence in the university and at the same time the soils in the area require various remediation technologies like bioremediation and phytoremediation by growing certain plants in the area to minimize the rate of contamination and extent of future pollution problems. This will go a long way in preventing environmental pollution in the study area 

 CERAD, FUTA

 Journal

 Engineering Management Of Abattoir Waste: A Case Study Of Onyearugbulem Market, Akure South West Nigeria

 Babatola, J. O., Adewumi, J. R. And Adejuwon, E. O

 2010

This paper presents a sustainable approach to abattoir wastewater management using Onyearugbulem Market abattoir in Akure, South West Nigeria as a case study. The research approach combined both laboratory experiment and field work pilot scale treatment system in establishing engineering parameters required for abattoir wastewater treatment. The result of the pilot scale treatment system shows that the quality parameters (TS, TSS, BOD5 , COD and Conductivity) meet the disposal standards by the National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) after 25 days detention time in anaerobic treatment pond with the exception of dissolved oxygen which was 0.1mg/L against 3.0 mg/L recommended. In the abattoir, the required land space for 25 days detention period for 3 anaerobic ponds of 3 m depth is 231 m2 which will take care of 594 m3 of wastewater. Three trapezoidal ponds (top width = 7 m; bottom width = 5 m; depth 3 m and length = 11 m, Volume = 594 m3) is recommended for anaerobic treatment. In order to improve the dissolved oxygen before disposal into receiving water body, it is recommended that the effluent from anaerobic pond should be allowed to pass through a gentle slope with buffers to create a turbulent flow and increase dissolved oxygen. 

 School Of Engineering & Engineering Technology, Federal University Oye Ekiti

 Journal

 Water Pollution Assessment Of Some Selected Valuable Rivers In Efon Alaaye, Ekiti State

 Adewumi, J. R

 2010

Pollution in relation to river water is the term used to express the level of contamination and the suitability of such river water to sustain various usage. In many developing countries, the main issue, however, is not the physical scarcity of water but poor management which results in the continuous deterioration of water quality. This study conducted an onsite measurement of seasonal stream flow and quality variation of major valuable streams use for non-potable domestic purposes in Efon-Alaaye, Ekiti state. Stream flow data was obtained using volumetric method and the quality analysis was carried out in accordance with Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. The result shows that the average stream flow ranges from 0.120 m3/s to 1.04 m3/s. The physicochemical parameters measured fall short of the national and international standards, which indicates that the water is not fit for human consumption. It was also observed that the self-cleansing of the studied rivers is sufficient to meet the quality requirement for non-potable domestic use. It is recommended that all human activities that could lead to further pollution should be avoided around the river catchment while period public enlightenment should be carried out to sensitize the community on the best hygienic practice within the river catchment to promote good water quality 

 Water Institute Of South Africa

 Journal

 Framework For Assessing The Viability Of Implementing Dual Water Reticulation Systems In South Africa

 Ilemobade, A. A., Adewumi, J. R. And Van Zyl, J. E.

 2008

In many settlements across the world (e.g. Pimpama Coomera and Mawson Lakes – Australia, Hong Kong – China, Majuro – Marshall Islands, Tarawa – Kiribati, and Windhoek – Namibia), dual water reticulation systems have been implemented in response to increasing water demands and decreasing freshwater availability. A dual water reticulation system comprises separate pipes that supply different water qualities to the end consumer. A set of pipes supply potable water while another set of pipes supply non-potable water. The non-potable water is targeted at meeting water requirements traditionally met using potable water (e.g. toilet and urinal flushing, landscaping irrigation, and industrial cooling). This therefore frees potable water to be used for previously unmet or increasing potable water requirements. For several reasons including the dearth of relevant national regulatory and guideline documents, consumer and decision-maker perceptions, ignorance, and appropri¬ate decision-making tools, the use of dual water reticulation systems in South Africa has been limited. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a decision-making framework, using robust criteria, for assessing the viability of implementing dual systems in South Africa. This aim was achieved through undertaking literature reviews on the subject, an investigation of non-potable water consumers’ and decision-makers’ perceptions using questionnaires, and the actual development of a framework using data obtained from the literature review and questionnaires. The questionnaires were developed using seven key issues i.e. public health and safety, economics, technical feasibility, legislation/regulations and guidelines, organizational capacity, social acceptance, and public education. The various aspects of the Triple Bottom Line of sustainability (i.e. eco¬nomic, environmental and social) provided structure to the framework while the Triple Bottom Line approach was utilized in the assessment of the different criteria. 

 IGI Publishers

 Journal

 Application Of Multi-criteria Decision Support Tool For Assessing The Feasibility Of Implementing Treated Wastewater Reuse

 Adewumi, J. R., Ilemobade, A. A. And Van Zyl, J. E.

 2007

Wastewater reuse is increasingly becoming an important component of water resources management in many countries. Planning of a sustainable wastewater reuse project involves multi-criteria that incorporate technical, economic, environmental and social attributes. These attributes of sustainability is the framework upon which the decision support tool presented in this paper is developed. The developed tool employs a user friendly environment that guides the decision makers in assessing the feasibility of implementing wastewater reuse. The input data into the tool are easily obtainable while the output is comprehensive enough for a feasibility assessment of treated wastewater reuse. The output is expressed in terms of effluent quality, costs, quantitative treatment scores and perception evaluation. Testing of the developed multi-criteria decision support tool using Parow wastewater treatment works in Cape Town showed the tool to be versatile and capable of providing a good assessment of both qualitative and quantitative criteria in the selection of treatment trains to meet various non-potable reuses. The perception module provided a quick assessment of potential user’s concerns on reuse and service providers’ capacity 

 Columbia University, New York

 Journal

 Planning Of Wastewater Reuse Programme In Nigeria

 Adewumi, J. R., And Oguntuase, A. M

 2007

Despite the great awareness on the health and environmental implications of poorly disposed wastewater, the continuous pollution of the environment and surface water with wastewaters generated from domestic, institutional, and industrial activities in many Nigerian cities still remains a major concern. As population grows with rising standard of living, more wastewater is generated and disposed to sensitive environments with negative impacts on humans and ecosystems. To promote sustainable and efficient wastewater management, global attention must be drawn toward wastewater reuse for both potable and non-potable uses. This paper presents baseline information on global wastewater reuse that can serve as a valuable guide on the integration of wastewater reuse in Nigeria as a component of National Integrated Water Resources Management, where wastewater reuse will form an important component of water sources in addition to surface and groundwater sources. It will also eliminate the pollution effects of indiscriminate disposal into sensitive ecosystems. 

 Faculty Of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

 Journal

 Application Of GIS And Remote Sensing Technique To Change Detection In Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Of Igbokoda, Ondo State, Nigeria

 Adewumi, J. R., Akomolafe, J. K, Ajibade, F. O. And Fabeku, B. B

 2007

This paper aims at establishing changes in land use and land cover in Igbokoda municipality using Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques. Three satellite images for three different epochs 1986, 1999 and 2013 were used to produce a land use/land cover map classification for Igbokoda. In determining the extent of land use/land cover changes in the township from 1986 through 1999 to 2013, Landsat images of the town were downloaded from the United State Geological Survey online archive. The images were analyzed using change detection technique (NDVI differencing) along with SRTM 90m DEM of the study area to generate the extent of the changes that have occurred. Ground trotting was carried out to ascertain the accuracy of data and the major changes in the land use/land cover. Results show that vegetation has decreased from 75.04% in 1986 to 46.81% in 2013 which was due to increase in population and rapid urbanization. In 1996 the Built-up area covers 19.6321 km2 of the study area but has increased rapidly to 39.1505 km2 in the year 1999 with an average annual increment of 2.025Km2/year. By the year 2013, the built-up area has increased to 64.1520Km2. Also in the same vein, the bare surface area which was 13.28029km2 in 1986 was increased to 39.6053 and 50.240Km2 in 1999 and 2013 respectively. On the contrary, the vegetated area of Igbokoda reduced from 196.3046Km2 in 1999 to 122.4680Km2 in 2013. This study has demonstrated that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is timely and cost effective than the conventional method of analysis, classification of land use pattern effective for planning and management. It further shows that If the rapid change in land use is not properly manage, the situation poses a serious threat to Igbokoda town by increasing surface runoff and susceptibility to flooding. 

 School Of Engineering & Engineering Technology, Federal University Of Technology, Akure

 Journal

 Performance Evaluation Of Aquatic Macrophytes As A Constructed Wetland For Municipal Wastewater Treatment

 Ajibade, F. O. And Adewumi, J. R

 2007

The objective of the study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of three aquatic macrophytes (Commelina cyanea, Phragmites australis and Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)) for treatment of municipal wastewater collected from Federal University of Technology, Akure (Nigeria). Laboratory scale of three constructed wetlands of dimensions 0.43 m x 0.93 m x 0.36 m in width, length and depth respectively, were developed to mimic natural conditions and was operated for a single experimental run with each macrophte at different retention time of 6, 9 and 12 days. These aquatic macrophytes were planted in separate ponds. Domestic wastewater from undergraduate students' hostel was introduced to the ponds. The raw wastewater sample and treated wastewater samples were analyzed using standard laboratory methods for physical (Turbidity and Dissolved solids), chemical (pH, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Sulphate Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and bacteriological (Coliform bacteria) parameters. Results showed substantial diminutions in all parameters treated with the phytoremediators during the course of the study. Asides the three plants effectively removing Nitrate, Nitrite, phosphate and Sulphate pollutants, Phragmites australis gave the highest removal efficiency for Phosphate (85.8%), Water hyacinth gave the highest removal efficiency for pH (11.5%), Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Coliform bacteria and Commelina cyanea gave the highest removal efficiency for turbidity (96.9%) and dissolved solids (82.9%) parameters of the domestic wastewater samples. The overall results of the phytoremediation studies indicate that the purification effectiveness of the three aquatic macrophytes were spontaneous, feasible and remarkable